Operations on sets, Functions, Real-valued functions, Equivalence countability, Real numbers, Cantor set, Least upper bounds
Definition of sequence and subsequence, Limit of a sequence, Convergent sequences, Monotone sequences, Divergent sequences, Limit superior, Limit inferior, Cauchy sequences.
Convergent and divergent series, series with non-negative terms, alternating series, Conditional and Absolute convergence, Rearrangement of series, Tests of absolute convergence, series whose terms form a non-increasing sequence, The class đť‘™2.
Sets of measure zero, Definition and existence of Riemann integral, properties of Riemann integral, Fundamental theorem of integral calculus, mean value theorems of integral calculus.
Definition of improper integral of first kind, comparison test, test, absolute and conditional convergence, integral test for convergence of series, definition of improper integral of second kind, Cauchy principal value.
Point wise and uniform convergence of sequences of functions, consequences of uniform convergence, convergence and uniform convergence of series of functions, integration and differentiation of series of functions.
Binary Operations, Isomorphic Binary Structures, Groups.
Subgroups, Cyclic Groups.
Cosets, Direct Product: Groups of Permutations, Orbits, Cycles, Alternating Groups, Cosets and the Theorem of Lagrange, Direct Products.
Homomorphisms, Factor Groups, Factor Group Computations and Simple Groups.
Rings and Fields, Integral Domains, The Fields of Quotients of an Integral Domain, Rings of Polynomials, Factorization of Polynomials over a Field.
Homomorphisms and Factor Rings, Prime and Maximal Ideals.
Unique Factorization Domains , Euclidean Domain Euclidean Domains, Gaussian
Integers and Multiplicative Norms
The auxiliary equations. Distinct roots, repeated roots, Complex roots, particular solution
Method of undetermined coefficients, Method of variation of parameters, Method of reduction of order, The use of a known solution to find another.
Introduction and review of power series, Linear equations and power series, Convergence of power series,Ordinary points and regular singular points.
Introductory remarks, linear systems, homogeneous linear systems with constant Coefficients, Distinct roots, repeated roots, Complex roots.
Two variable LP Model, Graphical LP solution, Selected LP Applications, Graphical Sensitivity analysis.
LP Model in equation form, Transition from graphical to algebraic solutions, the simplex method, Artificial starting solutions.
Definition of the dual problem, Primal dual relationship.
Definition of the Transportation model. The Transportation algorithm.
The Hungarian method, Simplex explanation of the Hungarian method.
Introduction to computer. Computer Characteristics. Types of Programming Languages. Introduction to C.
The character set. Identifier and keywords. Data types.
Constants. Variables and arrays. Declarations. Expressions. Statements. Symbolic constants.
Arithmetic operators. Unary operators. Relational and Logical operators.
Assignment operators. Conditional Operator. Library functions.
Preliminaries. Single character input-getchar() function. Single character outputputchar() function. Writing output data-printf function. Formatted input-output. Get and put functions.
Planning and writing a C Program. Compiling and Executing the Program.
Preliminaries. The while statement. The do-while statement. The for statement. Nested loops. The if-else statement. The switch statements. The break statement. The continue statement. The comma operator.
A brief overview. Defining a function. Accessing a function. Passing arguments to a function. Specifying argument data types. Function prototypes ,Recursion.
Defining an array. Processing an array. Passing arrays to a function. Multidimensional arrays. Arrays and strings.
Storage classes. Automatic variables. External variables, Static variables.
Fundamentals. Pointer declarations. Passing pointer to a function. Pointer and one dimensional arrays. Dynamic memory allocation. Operations on pointers. Pointers and multidimensional arrays. Array of pointers. Pointer to function. Passing functions to other functions. More about pointer declarations.
Defining a structure. Processing a structure. Userdefined data types (typedef ).
Structures and pointers. Passing structure to a function. Self-referential structures,
Unions.
Opening and closing a data file. Creating a data file. Processing a data file. Unformatted data files. 5. Low-Level Programming: Bitwise operators. Register variables. Enumerations. Macros. Command line arguments. The C processor.
a. Ordered sets.
b. Examples from social science and computer science.
c. Diagrams : the art of drawing ordered sets.
d. Constructing and de-constructing ordered sets.
e. Down-sets and up-sets.
f. Maps between ordered sets.
a. Lattice as ordered sets.
b. Lattices as algebraic structures.
c. Sublattices, products and homomorphisms.
d. Ideals and Filters.
e. Complete lattices and Intersection-structures.
f. Chain conditions and completeness.
g. Join-irreducible elements.
a. Lattices satisfying additional identities.
b. The characterization Theorems of Modular and Distributive lattices.
c. Boolean lattices and Boolean algebras.
d. Boolean terms and disjunctive normal form.
Introduction, a model of the market, market equilibrium and excise tax.
Interest and capital growth, income generation, the interval of compounding, stability of market equilibrium, the general linear case and economic interpretation.
Profit maximization, critical points, optimization in an interval and infinite intervals.
Elasticity of demand, profit maximization again, competition versus monopoly, the efficient small firm, startup and breakeven points.
Making money with matrices, a two-industry economy, arbitrage portfolios and state prices, IS-LM analysis.
An economy with many industries and the technology matrix.
Divisibility in integers, Division Algorithm, GCD, LCM, Fundamental theorem of Arithmetic, Infinitude of primes, Mersenne Numbers and Fermat Numbers.
Properties of Congruences, Residue classes, complete and reduced residue system, their properties, Fermat s theorem. Euler s theorem, Wilson s theorem, has a solution if and only if p = 2 or , where p is a prime. Linear Congruences of degree 1, Chinese remainder theorem.
Arithmetic functions Euler s function, the number of divisors d(n), sum of divisors
Ω . Multiplicative functions, function, inversion
formula.
Quadratic residues, Legendre s symbol. Its properties, Law of quadratic reciprocity.
Diophantine Equations ax + by = c and Pythagorean triplets.
Definition and examples of metric spaces, open spheres and closed spheres, neighbourhoods, open sets, equivalent Metrics, interior points, closed sets, limit points and isolated points, closure of a set, boundary points, distance between sets and diameter of a set, subspace of a metric space, product metric spaces.
Convergent sequences, Cauchy sequences, complete spaces, dense sets and nowhere dense sets (only definition)
Definition and characterizations, extension theorem, uniform continuity,
homeomorphism
Compact spaces, sequential compactness, equivalence of compactness and sequential compactness, compactness and finite intersection property, continuous functions and compact spaces.
Separated sets, disconnected and connected sets.
Sums and products, Basic algebraic properties, Further properties, Vectors and Moduli, Complex Conjugates, Exponential Form, Products and powers in exponential form, Arguments of products and quotients, Roots of complex numbers, Examples, Regions in the complex plane.
Functions of Complex Variables, Limits, Theorems on limits, Limits involving the point at infinity, Continuity, Derivatives, Differentiation formulas, Cauchy- Riemann Equations, Sufficient Conditions for differentiability, Polar coordinates, Analytic functions, Harmonic functions.
The Exponential functions, The Logarithmic function, Branches and derivatives of logarithms, Some identities involving logarithms, Complex exponents,
Trigonometric functions, Hyperbolic functions.
Derivatives of functions, Definite integrals of functions, Contours, Contour integral, Examples, Upper bounds for Moduli of contour integrals, Anti-derivatives, Examples, Cauchy Groursat s Theorem (without proof), Simply and multiply Collected domains. Cauchy integral formula, Derivatives of analytic functions. Liouville s Theorem and Fundamental Theorem of Algebra.
Convergence of sequences and series, Taylor s series, Laurent series (without proof), examples.
Isolated singular points, Residues, Cauchy residue theorem, residue at infinity, types of isolated singular points, residues at poles, zeros of analytic functions, zeros and poles.
(a) Surface and Curves in Three Dimensions
(b) Simultaneous Differential Equations of the First Order and the First Degree in Three Variables.
(c) Methods of solution of
(d) Orthogonal Trajectories of a System of curves on a Surface.
(e) Pfaffian Differential Forms and Equations.
(f) Solution of Pfaffian Differential Equations in Three Variables
(a) Genesis of First Order Partial Differential Equations.
(b) Classification of Integrals.
(c) Linear Equations of the First Order.
(d) Pfaffian Differential Equations. (e ) Compatible Systems.
(f) Charpit s Method.
(g) Jacobi s Method.
(h) Integral Surfaces through a given curve.
(i) Quasi-Linear Equations.
CPM and PERT, Network representation, Critical Path Computations, Construction of the time schedule, Linear programming formulation of CPM, PERT calculations.
Decision under uncertainty, Game theory, Some basic terminologies, Optimal solution of two person zero sum game, Solution of mixed strategy games, graphical solution of games, linear programming solution of games.
Introduction, Types of failure, Replacement of items whose efficiency deteriorates with time.
Introduction, Notation, terminology and assumptions, processing n jobs through two machines, processing n jobs through three machines.
Unconstrained problems, Necessary and sufficient conditions, Newton Raphson method, Constrained problems, Equality constraints (Lagrangian Method Only).
The definition of a Graph, Graphs and Models, More Definitions, Vertex Degree, Sub graphs, Paths and Cycles, The Matrix Representation of Graphs, Fusion
Definition and Simple Properties, Bridges, Spanning Trees, Connector Problems, Shortest Path Problems, Cut Vertices and Connectivity.
Euler Tours, The Chinese Postman Problem, Hamiltonian Graphs, The Travelling Salesman Problem.
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